Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Prevention and control of Cholera.

 

  • Definition:

    • Cholera is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. It primarily spreads through contaminated water and unsafe food that has been contaminated with human feces containing the bacteria.

  • Symptoms:

    • The classic symptom of cholera is large amounts of watery diarrhea lasting a few days.

    • Other symptoms include vomiting, muscle cramps, and dehydration.

    • Severe diarrhea can lead to rapid dehydration, causing sunken eyes, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet.

    • Dehydration can even cause the skin to turn bluish.

Transmission and Risk Factors:

  1. Cholera is caused by various types of Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

  2. Unsafe water and contaminated food are common sources of transmission.

  3. Risk factors include poor sanitation, insufficient clean drinking water, and poverty.

Diagnosis and Prevention:

  1. Cholera can be diagnosed through a stool test or a rapid dipstick test (although the latter is less accurate).

  2. Prevention methods include improved sanitation, access to clean water, and cholera vaccines.

    Treatment:

  1. The primary treatment for affected individuals is oral rehydration salts (ORS) to replace fluids and electrolytes.

  2. Rice-based solutions are preferred.

  3. In children, zinc supplementation can improve outcomes.

  4. Adults respond well to “Tetracycline”.

Remember that clean water and good hygiene play a crucial role in preventing cholera

 Commonly Asked Questions:

  1. What is “Cholera”? Explain in detail the causes, symptoms and treatment?

  2. Write a short note on “Cholera”.
Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called ...
Read more

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and ...
Read more

Flash Distillation.

  Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization .  During this process, the chamber is cooled.  The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase .  This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir.  Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber.  The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam.  The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve.  The vapor outlet...
Read more