Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Antidiabetic Drugs: Pterocarpus and Gymnema.

 

Introduction.

  • Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism caused due to inability of the pancreas to produce sufficient quantities of the insulin.

  • The drugs used in the treatment of diabetes are called “Antidiabetics”.

    • e.g. Synthetic drugs:

      • Metformin.

      • Glipizide.

    • Natural Drugs:

      • Pterocarpus.

      • Gymnema.

      • Bitter gourd.

      • Jambul.

Pterocarpus.

  • Synonyms:

    • Indian kino.

    • Malabar Kino

    • Bijasal

    • Asana

  • Biological Source:

    • It consists of the dried juice of the plant known as “Pterocarpus marsupium” belonging to the family “Leguminosae”, obtained by making vertical incisions to the stem.

  • Geographical Distribution:

    • Indigenous  to the Indian continent and found in hilly parts of the,

      • Maharashtra

      • Gujrat

      • Asam

      • West Bengal

      • Madhya Pradesh etc.

  • Morphological Characters:

    • Color: Ruby red

    • Odor: Odorless

    • Taste: Astringent

    • Size: 3-5 to 10 mm granules.

    • Shape: Angular grains.

  • Extra Features:

    • Pieces of the drug are irregular, angular, glistening and break with a vitreous fracture.

    • Partially soluble in water and completely soluble in alcohol.

  • Chemical Constituents:

    • The drug contains active chemical constituents as “Tannins”.

    • The chief active chemical constituent of the drug is,

      • Kinotannic acid.

    • Other active constituents of the drug are,

      • Kinoin

      • Kino red

      • Catechol

      • Resins

      • Gallic acid.

  • Identification Tests:

  1. Drug solution + Ferrous sulfate = Green color

  2. Drug + Alkali (NaOH) = Violet color.

  3. Drug + Mineral Acid = Ppt formation.

  • Uses:

    1. Antidiabetic.

    2. Powerful astringent.

    3. In treatment of diarrhea and dysentery.

    4. To control bleeding.


Gymnema.

  • Synonyms:

    • Madhu Nashini.

    • Gudmar.

  • Biological Source:

    • It consists of the dried as well as fresh leaves of the plant known as “Gymnema sylvestre” belonging to the family “Asclepiadaceae”.

  • Geographical Distribution:

    • It's a climber indigenous  to the Indian continent and found in many states like,

      • Maharashtra

      • Gujrat

      • Asam

      • UPl

      • Punjab etc.

  • Morphological Characters:

    • Color: Green

    • Odor: Aromatic and pleasant

    • Taste: Tasteless.

    • Size: 3-5 X 1-2 cm

    • Shape: Ovate or elliptic and has an acute or acuminate apex.

  • Extra Features:

    • Leaves have the property to cause reversible paralysis of taste buds specially for sweet and bitter taste.

    • Lower surface of the leaf is more pubscent,

  • Chemical Constituents:

    • The drug contains active chemical constituents as “triterpenoid glycosides”.

    • The chief active chemical constituent of the drug is,

      • Gymnemic acid.

    • Other active constituents of the drug are,

      • Hentriacontane. 

      • Pentatriacontane

      • D-quercitol

      • Inositol

    • Inert constituents of the drug are,

      • Chlorophylls.

      • Various acids like: Formic, Tartaric, butyric etc.

      • Mucilage.

      • Calcium oxalate crystals.

  • Identification Tests:

  1. Anesthesia of taste buds.

  2. Leaves + Water = Foaming, addition of Dil HCL causes precipitation.

  • Uses:

    1. Antidiabetic.

    2. Stomachic.

    3. Mild laxative.

    4. Diuretic.

  • Substitute:

    1. Gymnema hirsutum.
Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called the period of
Read more

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and tube heater, 
Read more

Flash Distillation.

  Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization .  During this process, the chamber is cooled.  The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase .  This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir.  Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber.  The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam.  The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve.  The vapor outlet is provided at the top of the separato
Read more