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Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Endocrine Pancreas.

 

  • The pancreas is a long, slender organ, most of which is located posterior to the bottom half of the stomach.

  • Although the pancreas has a main exocrine function some part of it also has endocrine function.

  • Alpha, Beta, Delta and PP cells of Islets of Langerhans of Pancreas have endocrine functionality.

Cells and Secretions of the Pancreatic Islets

  • The pancreatic islets each contain four varieties of cells:

  1. The alpha cell :

  • Produces the hormone glucagon and makes up approximately 20 percent of each islet. 

  • Glucagon increases blood glucose levels; low blood glucose levels stimulate its release.

  1. The beta cell :

  • Produces the hormone Insulin and makes up approximately 75 percent of each islet. 

  • Insulin decreases blood glucose levels; high blood glucose levels stimulate its release.

  1. The Delta cell:

  • Produces the hormone Somatostatin and makes up approximately 4 percent of each islet. 

  • Somatostatin is also released by hypothalamus as GHIH (Growth hormone releasing hormone) and gastric mucosa.

  • Pancreatic somatostatin inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon.

  1. The PP cell (F Cell):

  • Secretes a hormone Pancreatic Polypeptide, and accounts for only 1 percent of the islet.

  • Pancreatic polypeptide hormone regulates exocrine as well as endocrine functions of pancreas.

  • It also regulates appetite and is released during fasting.

Disorders of pancreas

  1. Diabetes mellitus:

  • It is caused due to deficiency or absence of insulin. 

  • It leads to high blood glucose level and glucose comes in the urine (glycosuria).

  • Symptoms of diabetes mellitus are polyuria (excessive urine production), Polydipsia (excessive thirst) and polyphagia (excessive eating).

Commonly Asked Question.

  1. Write a note on Diabetes mellitus.

  2. Write a short note on “Endocrine Pancreas” and the hormones secreted by it.
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