Simple Pharmanotes

  Introduction. Urine is a waste product formed by the kidneys after filtration of the blood. Composition of Urine: Color : Yellow / Pale yellow . pH : 6 to 7 . 5 Volume : 1 to 2 Liters / Day . Odor : Aromatic , Strong ammoniacal on standing or concentrating. Composition : Normal Ingredients: Water , Urea , Uric Acid , Creatinine , Ammonia , Sodium , Potassium , Chlorides , Sulphates , Phosphates etc. Abnormal Ingredients: Glucose : Diabetes mellitus. Proteins : Kidney infection.     Blood Components : Kidney Infection. Ketone bodies : Ketosis. Bile Pigments : Liver disorder, heavy RBC destruction. Urine production is lowered during sleep and exercise .  Physiology of Urine Formation The main function of the kidney is to clean the plasma, the waste product formed in the process is called “ Urine ”. The urine formed in kidneys is transported via ureters to the urinary bladder , the temporary urine storage site, urine is then excreted from...

  Introduction. Structural and functional unit of kidney . Each kidney contains around “ One Million ” nephrons . Present in the renal cortex as well as in renal medulla .  Two types: Cortical Nephrons:  Superficial. Originate in the cortex and extend for a short distance in medulla. Constitute around 80-90% of the total nephrons. Juxtamedullary Nephrons: Lie deeper. Originate at the junction of medulla and cortex, go deeper in medulla. Constitute around 10-20% of the total nephrons. Each nephron consists of two units: Renal corpuscle. (Filtration Unit) It is made up of, Glomerulus . Bowman's Capsule Renal Tubule. (Transportation Unit) it is made up of, Proximal Convoluted Tubule ( PCT ). Loop of Henle . Distal Convoluted Tubule . ( DCT ) Renal Corpuscle: It is a filtering chamber where plasma is filtered . It has two components, Glomerulus . Bowman’s Capsule . Glomerulus is a bunch of capillaries , blood enters in glomerulus via afferent arteriole and...