Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Reticuloendothelial System.

 Reticuloendothelial System.

Introduction:

  • Reticuloendothelial System also called mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) consists of phagocytes located in reticular connective tissues.

Cell types and locations:

  • The monocyte is formed in the bone marrow and transported by the blood; it migrates into the tissues, where it transforms into a histiocyte or a macrophage.

  • The half-life of blood monocytes is about 1 day, whereas the life span of tissue macrophages is several months or years. 

  • The mononuclear phagocyte system is part of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity. 

  • The mononuclear phagocyte system has an important role in defense against microorganisms, including mycobacteria, fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. 

  • Macrophages remove senescent erythrocytes, leukocytes.


Cell Name.

Location

Adipose tissue macrophages

Adipose tissue

Monocyte

Bone Marrow/Blood

Kupffer cell

Liver

Sinus histiocytes

Lymph nodes

Alveolar macrophage(dust cell)

Pulmonary alveolus of Lungs

Langerhans cell

Skin and Mucosa

Microglia

Central Nervous System

Hofbauer cell

Placenta

Intraglomerular mesangial cell

Kidney

Red Pulp Macrophage

Spleen.

Peritoneal macrophages

Peritoneal cavity.

Functions:

  1. Formation of new red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs).

  2. Destruction of senescent (Growing Old) RBCs.

  3. Formation of plasma proteins.

  4. Formation of bile pigments.

  5. Storage of iron. In the liver, Kupffer cells store excess iron from catabolism of heme from the breakdown of red blood cells.

  6. Clearance of heparin via heparinases.

Commonly Asked Question:

  1. Write a short note on “Reticuloendothelial System”.
Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called the period of
Read more

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and tube heater, 
Read more

Flash Distillation.

  Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization .  During this process, the chamber is cooled.  The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase .  This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir.  Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber.  The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam.  The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve.  The vapor outlet is provided at the top of the separato
Read more