Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Blood Plasma

 Blood Plasma.

Introduction:

  • Blood is a fluid connective tissue made of two components Plasma and Blood Cells.

  • Blood performs many important functions in the body like, transportation, regulation and protection.

  • Blood is thick in appearance and has a temperature slightly higher than body temp. and pH is 7.4.

Plasma:

  • It is a straw colored liquid made up of 92% water and 8% dissolved or suspended substances.

  • The dissolved or suspended substances include;

    • Plasma Proteins.

    • Dissolved minerals.

    • Gases.

    • Nutrients.

    • Hormones.

Plasma Proteins:

  • They constitute around 7% of the plasma.

  • They are responsible for “Osmotic Pressure” of the blood which keeps the components in plasma in circulation.

  • All plasma proteins except immunoglobulins are formed in the liver.

  1. Albumins:

  • They constitute around 60% of total plasma proteins.

  • Their main function is to create and maintain osmotic pressure.

  • They also provide binding sites for drugs, hormones and steroids.

  1. Globulins:

  • Also known as “Antibodies (Immunoglobulins)”.

  • They are synthesized by Lymphocytes.

  • They have an important role in immunity that is in protection.

  • They also provide binding sites to certain hormones and minerals.

Clotting Factors:

  • The chemicals involved in coagulation of blood are known as clotting factors.

  • Most common clotting factor is fibrinogen.

  • The plasma from which clotting factors are removed is called “Serum”.

Electrolytes:

  • The pH of blood is maintained between 7.35 and 7.45 (slightly alkaline) by an ongoing complicated series of chemical activities, involving buffering systems.

  • The electrolytes dissolved in plasma have a variety of functions.

Nutrients:

  • The nutrients absorbed from digestive tracts are present in plasma from where they are transported to various cells.

  • Nutrients mainly include glucose, amino acids, fatty acids and vitamins.

Waste products:

  • Urea, creatinine and uric acid are the waste products of protein metabolism. 

  • They are formed in the liver and carried in the blood to the various sites for excretion.

Hormones:

  • The products of Endocrine glands are poured directly in the blood.

  • Blood transports hormones to their respective target organs.

Gases:

  • Oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen are transported around the body dissolved in plasma.

  • Oxygen is bound to Hemoglobin while most of the Carbon dioxide is available as dissolved bicarbonate ions.

  • Nitrogen is available in dissolved form but has no physiological role.

Commonly Asked Questions.

  1. Write a note on blood plasma.

  2. Write a note on plasma proteins.
Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called the period of
Read more

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and tube heater, 
Read more

Flash Distillation.

  Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization .  During this process, the chamber is cooled.  The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase .  This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir.  Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber.  The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam.  The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve.  The vapor outlet is provided at the top of the separato
Read more