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Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Introduction to Human Body: Definition and Subdivisions of Anatomy & Physiology.

 

Introduction:

  • Human beings are the most complex of all the living organisms.

  • Human body contains many organs which work in an organized manner for an efficient working of the human body.

  • The study of human body is divided broadly in two divisions,

    • Anatomy

    • Physiology.

  • Human Anatomy is the branch of science that deals with the study of structures of different body parts.

  • Human Physiology is the branch of science that deals with the study of functions of different body parts.

Human Anatomy: Study of Structure.

Human Physiology: Study Of Functions.

Anatomy & its Subdivisions:

  • For easier understanding the study of anatomy is categorised in three major subdivisions as following,

    • Gross Anatomy.

    • Microscopic Anatomy.

    • Other Subdivisions.

  1. Gross Anatomy:

  • This deals with the study of body parts that are visible to the naked eye.

  • It is further classified as,

    1. Systemic Anatomy: 

      • Deals with study of systems e.g. Nervous System, Muscular System etc.

    2. Regional Anatomy:

      • Deals with study of a specific region of the body e.g. Chest Region, Pelvic Region.

2) Microscopic Anatomy:

  • This deals with the study of body parts that are not visible to the naked eye and hence studied using a microscope.

  • It is further classified as,

    1. Cytology:

      • It deals with the study of cells (Structural & Functional unit of the body).

    2. Histology:

      • It deals with study of structure of tissues like Muscular Tissue, Nervous tissue etc.

3) Other Subdivisions:

  1. Developmental Biology:

    • It deals with study of processes which cause complete development of a human being from  fertilisation to its full growth.

  2. Embryology:

    • It is a branch of science that deals with study of embryos and its development.

  3. Pathological Anatomy:

    • This branch of anatomy deals with study of anatomical changes taking place in particular diseases.

    • e.g. Megaloblastic anaemia is characterized by formation of bigger Red Blood Cells called Megaloblasts.

  4. Radiographic Anatomy:

    • Radioanatomy is the branch of anatomy that deals with the study of anatomy through the use of radiographic films (X-Ray). 

Physiology & its Subdivisions:

  • Physiology deals with the study of functions of different body parts.

  • For convenience it is divided following subdivisions,

  1. Respiratory Physiology:

    • Deals with study of “Respiration” i.e. functioning of lungs and air passageways.

  2. Renal Physiology:

    • Deals with study of functioning of kidneys.

  3. Immunology:

    • Deals with study of defense mechanisms of the body against infections.

  4. Neurophysiology:

    • Deals with study of functioning of the nervous system

  5. Pathophysiology:

    • Deals with the study of functional changes in the body associated with a particular disease or aging.

    • Deficient secretion insulin in diabetes causes hypoglycemia.

  6. Cardiovascular Physiology:

    • Deals with study of functioning of the cardiovascular system.

  7. Endocrinology:

    • Deals with study of functioning of the endocrine glands.

    • The specialized physician in this branch is called an “Endocrinologist”.

Commonly Asked Questions:

  1. Define the following terms;

    1. Anatomy

    2. Endocrinology 

    3. Systemic Anatomy

    4. Neurophysiology

    5. Pathological Anatomy
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