Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Preservation of pharmaceutical products using antimicrobial agents.

 

Introduction:

  • A preservative is an antimicrobial substance added in the pharmaceutical formulations with the view to avoid contamination in the formulation.

Ideal Properties of Preservatives:

  1. Should not cause irritation.

  2. Should be non toxic.

  3. Stable.

  4. Should be effective during shelf life of the formulation.

  5. Should kill all contaminants effectively and rapidly.

  6. Should not react with ingredients of the formulation.

  7. Should not interact with the container and closure system of the dosage form.

  8. Should not produce allergic reactions to the patients.

  9. Should not increase the cost of the end product.

  10. Should have a good spectrum of activity at lower dose.

  • However not a single preservative is found to possess all the requirements.

  • Even some microbes like Pseudomonas have already started showing resistance to many of the present preservatives and hence a combination of preservatives is used.

  • Sometimes an action potentiator is added to increase the efficacy of a preservative.

Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives:

  • The main purpose of these preservatives is to inhibit growth of microbes in the pharmaceutical product.

  • They can be classified into four major groups as,

    • Acidic,

    • Mercuric,

    • Neutral,

    • Quaternary Ammonium Compounds.

  • Commonly used antimicrobial chemical preservatives are given in table 1.1

Table 1.1 Antimicrobial Chemical Preservatives used in Pharm. formulations

Sr No.

Formulation

Preservative

Concentration (%w/v)

1

Tablets

Methyl Paraben

0.1

2

Injectables

Phenol

0.2-0.6

Cresol

0.2-0.5

Benzyl Alcohol

1.0-2.0

Thiomersal

0.01

Methyl hydroxy benzoate.

0.1

3

Eye Drops

Benzalkonium Chloride

0.01

Phenyl Mercuric Nitrate

0.002

Chlorhexidine acetate

0.01

4

Liquids / Mixtures

Bronopol

0.002

Alcohol

15-20

Methyl Paraben

0.1

Chloroform

0.25

Benzalkonium Chloride.

0.005-0.02

Chlorocresol

0.1

5

Semisolids

Chlorocresol

0.2

Dichlorobenzyl Alcohol

0.1-0.2

Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide

0.05-0.1


  • Being chemicals these preservatives are known to react with the contents of formulation and container closure system hence must be selected carefully.

    • e.g. Plastic containers may absorb some preservatives making formulation susceptible to microbial attack.

    • Some glass containers may release alkali in the formulation which inturn may make your preservative ineffective.

  • Some other ingredients or vehicles themself act as preservatives sometimes like,

    • Syrup contains high concentrations of sugar which inhibit growth of microbes.

    • Chloroform water, alcohol are known preservatives.

  • While using preservative in pharmaceutical emulsions the partition coefficient of the preservative must be considered as microbes may grow in lipids as well as water layers.

Development of a Preservative System.

  • A single preservative is not found to possess all the ideal requirements of a preservative.

  • Even some microbes like Pseudomonas have already started showing resistance to many of the present preservatives.

  • Hence a combination of preservatives is preferred instead of using a single preservative.

    • By combining two preservatives Synergy can be obtained means increased inhibitory effect, e.g. Methyl para hydroxybenzoic acid is combined with propyl para hydroxybenzoic acid in ratio of 10:1.

    • By combining the preservatives spectrum of activity of the system gets widened e.g. eye drops and contact lens cleaners combine “Phenoxetol with Phenyl ethyl alcohol and Benzalkonium Chloride.

    • Preservative Germall 115 is an antibacterial when combined with parabens the combination becomes antibacterial as well as antifungal.

  • However, the combination system when used should have enough half lifes with reference to the life of the formulation.

Factors affecting efficacy of a preservative:

  1. Interaction With components of the formulation:

  • A chemical antimicrobial preservative may interact with the contents of the formulation and lose its activity e.g.

    • Tablets contain many additives which may be incompatible with the preservatives.

    • Some drugs can interact with preservatives making them ineffective e.g. Kaolin, Sulfadimidine, can absorb preservatives from the formulation.

    • When used in an emulsion a preservative with good lipid solubility gets concentrated in oil phase leaving the water phase of the formulation vulnerable.

    • Hydrocolloids such as tragacanth, alginates pvp can interact with preservatives and make them ineffective.

2) Properties of the Preservatives:

  • Plastic containers may absorb some preservatives making formulation susceptible to microbial attack.

  • Some glass containers may release alkali in the formulation which inturn may make your preservative ineffective.

  • While using preservative in pharmaceutical emulsions the partition coefficient of the preservative must be considered as microbes may grow in lipids as well as water layers

3) Effect of Containers.

  • Plastic containers may absorb some preservatives making formulation susceptible to microbial attack.

  • Some glass containers may release alkali in the formulation which inturn may make your preservative ineffective.

  • Screw-capped containers and corks are a common source of contamination.

  • Rubber used in closures may interact with the preservatives.

4) Type of microbes:

  • Many products of biological origin contains contamination from specific genuses of organisms and hence include preservative effective against such microbes e.g.

    • Plant products are contaminated with dust which contains microbes from Clostridia, Bacillus, Staphylococcus species.

    • Animal products like gelatin are usually found contaminated with salmonella, clostridium etc.

5) Influence of pH:

  • Quaternary ammonium compounds need higher pH for their increased efficacy.

  • Acidic preservatives usually demand and acidic pH for better action e.g. Benzoic acid.

  • However, many preservatives are known to show action at a wider range of pH.

Challenge Test: Efficacy Test of Preservative.

  • This test is performed on a formulation in its final container to determine efficacy of the preservative added against the microbial spoilage.

  • This test is applicable to, multi dose parenterals, otic, nasal, oral, topical and ophthalmic products made with aqueous base or vehicles.

Medium used:

  • Soybean Casein Digest Medium. 

Choice of test organism:

  • The microbes which are likely to arise in the formulation through raw material  are usually selected.

  • However to check effectiveness of the preservative against a wide range of microbes Gram +ve, Gram -ve bacterias, yeasts and moulds are selected in the IP test. 

Microbes used as test organisms for Challenge Test.

Microorganism

ATCC No.

Staphylococcus aureus

ATCC 6538

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

ATCC 9027

Escherichia coli

ATCC 8739

Candida albicans

ATCC 10231

Aspergillus brasiliensis

ATCC 16404

* Microbes used in the test should not be more than 5 passages from original culture.

Preparation of the inoculum:

  • Fresh stock cultures of test microorganisms are subcultured on the surface of Soyabean Casein Digest Medium.

  • Incubate,

    •  bacterial cultures @ 30-35 ℃ for 18-24 hours.

    • Candida albicans @  20-25 ℃ for 48 hours.

    • Aspergillus brasiliensis @  20-25 ℃ for 7 days.

  • Using sterile solution harvest the microorganisms to get a count of 1 x 108 CFU/ ml (Colony FOrming Unit).

Procedure:

  • Inoculate each final container or product test tube with one of the standardized microbial suspension in a ratio of 0.1 ml : 20 ml and mix well.

  • The final concentration of microorganisms in the product should be between 1 x 105 to 1 x 106 microorganisms per ml.

  • Determine final concentration of microorganisms in final product by plate count method.

  • Incubate inoculated containers at room temperature.

  • Determine viable count after 7, 14 and 28 days of inoculation.

  • Calculate the percentage reduction in CFU / ml of each microorganism at stated test intervals and get the changes in terms of percentage of initial concentration.

Interpretation of Results:

  • For parenteral, ophthalmic, sterile nasal and otic preparations:

    • Viable bacterial concentration is,

      •  NMT 10 % on after 7days, 

      • NMT 0.1 % after 14 days.

      • There is no further decrease in count at 28 day.

    • No increase in yeast and mould count at 7, 14 & 28 days test from the initial count.

  • For topical preparations made with aq. base , non sterile nasal preparations and emulsions:

    • Viable bacterial concentration is NMT 1% of initial concentration at 14 days and there is further decrease in count at 28 days.

    •  No increase in yeast and mould count at 14 & 28 days test from the initial count.

  • For oral preparations:

    • Viable bacterial concentration is NMT 10% of initial concentration at 14 days and there is further decrease in count at 28 days.

    •  No increase in yeast and mould count at 14 & 28 days test from the initial count.

Most commonly Asked Questions:

  1. Define the terms,

    1. Preservative.

    2. Bacteriostatic.

    3. Bactericidal.

  2. Enlist different chemical preservatives used in pharmaceutical formulations.

  3. Why is the combined preservative system is preferred in many pharmaceutical formulations.

  4. Explain in short PET (Preservative Efficacy Test).

  5. Discuss factors affecting efficacy of a preservative.

Popular posts from this blog

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called the period of

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and tube heater, 

Flash Distillation.

  Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization .  During this process, the chamber is cooled.  The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase .  This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir.  Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber.  The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam.  The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve.  The vapor outlet is provided at the top of the separato