Simple Pharmanotes

Communicable Diseases An infectious disease which gets transferred from infected person to other persons by direct or indirect means is called a communicable disease. Infection: Successful entry of a pathogenic microorganism capable of inducing a disease into systemic circulation is called an infection. Causative Organism: Microorganism responsible for inducing a disease is called as “Causative organism”. Vector:  It is an organism who itself doesn't cause the disease but transfers the pathogen from one host to another host. E.g. Mosquitos in Malaria. Measles Other Names: Rubella खसरा Causative Organism: Measles RNA paramyxo‐virus i.e. (Rubella virus). Mode of Transmission:  Directly from person to person by droplet infection & droplet nuclei. Entry of portal respiratory tract. Rarely through conjunctiva. Symptoms: cough fever runny nose red eyes sore throat white spots inside the mouth Widesprea

←   Special Sense Organs : Introduction: The special senses include sense of smell, taste, hearing, vision and touch. A) Sense of smell  The sense of smell or olfaction originates in the superior part of the nasal cavity. The nose contains 10-100 millions receptors for the sense of smell. Olfactory receptors react to odorant molecules in inspired air of the nasal cavity.  The sense of smell may affect the appetite. If the odours are pleasant the appetite may improve and vice versa.  From the olfactory portion of nasal cavity nerve fibres pass through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to the olfactory bulb. From this region nerve fibres are passes to the olfactory area in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. In this area the impulses are interpreted and odour perceived. ‘Sniffing’ concentrates more molecules in the roof of the nose. This increases the stimulation of olfactory receptor and the perception of the smell. B) Sense of taste (gustation)

Digestive System Introduction:  Digestion  is the process of breaking large and complex food molecules into smaller and simple molecules easy for absorption, with help of digestive enzymes and acid. Like other systems of the body Digestive system also works in coordination with other systems. The branch of science that deals with the structure, function, diagnosis and treatment of diseases of stomach and intestine is called  Gastroenterology . Digestive System: It consists of, Gastrointestinal Tract (Alimentary Canal): Mouth, Pharynx, Oesophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine. Large Intestine. Accessory Organs: Teeth, Tongue, Salivary Glands, Liver, Gallbladder and Pancreas. Activities of Digestive System: Digestive system performs following major activities, Ingestion : Eating Movement of Food : Through peristalsis from mouth to anus. Digestion : Chemical and Mechanical Absorption :  Defecation : Elimination of undigested waste.   Alimentary Canal: Alimentary canal is made up of ‘Four Ty