Skip to main content

Renin Angiotensin Mechanism.

Pharmacognsoy of Antirheumatic Drugs

  • The pharmacological agents which are used in treatment of rheumatism are called as Antirheumatic drugs.
    • e.g.
                     Guggul
                    Cholchicum.
                     Nirgundi.

Guggul

  • Synonyms: Indian Bdelium, Scented Bdelium, Guggul Gum, Guggulu.
  • Biological Source: Guggul consists of oleo-gum-resin obtained by making incisions to the bark of plant known as "Commiphora weightti " belonging to the family "Burseraceae".
  • Geographical Distribution: Its cultivated majorly in countries like India, pakistan, Baluchistan and arabian countries.
  • Organoleptic Characters:
ColorBrown to pale yellow to dull green.
OdorAromatic, balsmic.
TasteCharacteristic Bitter
Size0.5 to 1 cm diameter
Shaperounded or irregular tears.

  • Chemical Constituents:
    • Guggul is a oleo-gum-resin.
    • The chief active constituents of the volatile oil portion are,
      • Myrcene
      • Dimyrcene.
      • Polymyrcene.
      • Caryophylline.
    • The chief active constituents from resin portion are,
      • Guggulosterone Z
      • Guggulosterol I, II and III.
  • Uses:
  1. As Antirheumatic in treatment of rheumatism.
  2. As Anti-inflammatory.
  3. As Hypolipidaemic and hypocholesteremic.

Chemical Tests:

  1. To ethyl acetate extract of drug add acetic anhydride, boil, cool and add 2 ml of H2So4, green color develops at the junction of two liquids due to presence of steroids.

Indian Cholchicum.

  • Synonyms: Cholchicum seeds.
  • Biological Source: Indian CHolchicum consists of dried seeds of the plant known as “Cholchicum luteum” belonging to the family “Lilliaceae”.
  • B.P. variety is "Cholchicum automnale"
  • Geographical Distribution: IWestern Himalaya, Kashmir and Chamba.
  • Organoleptic Characters:
.
ColorDark reddish brown pitted and sturdy
OdorNone
TasteBitter and acrid
Size2-3 mm in diameter.
Shapeglobular


  • Chemical Constituents:
    • Cholchicum contains protoalkaloids as active chemical constituents.
    • Chief active constituents of the drug are,
      • Cholchicine
      • Demecholcine.
    • Cholchicoresin, Starch, proteins and fats are inert constituents of the drug.
  • Uses:
  1. As Anti-rheumatic in treatment of rheumatism.
  2. As Anti-inflammatory in treatment of Gout.
  3. Used to induce polyploidy in horticulture and medicinal plantation.
  4. Anticancer (Highly toxic).

  • Chemical Test:
  • With 70% Sulphuric acid it produces yellow color due to presence of Cholchicine.
Labels:

Popular posts from this blog

Rate of Drying Curve.

  Definition Drying is defined as the removal of liquid from a product usually with application of heat. Rate of Drying Curve. Drying process can be divided into three periods Initial Adjustment Period. Constant drying rate period. First falling drying rate period. Second falling rate period. Initial Adjustment Period (A-B): Also called the “ Heating up” period . In this period the substance gets heat and increases in temperature. Drying has not yet started. Constant drying rate period (B-C): During this period the temperature of the solid and the rate of drying remain constant. The moisture evaporating from the surface is replaced by water diffusing from the interior of the solid at a rate equal t o the rate of evaporation.  The moisture content at the end of constant rate (point C) is referred to as the critical moisture content (CMC).  At CMC, dry spots start appearing and drying rate starts falling . First falling drying rate period (C-D): This period is also called the period of
Read more

Heat Exchangers and Heat Interchangers.

  In pharmaceutical industries many types of equipments are used for transfer of heat, they can be classified as follows, Heat Exchangers. Heat Interchangers. Heat Exchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a fluid (Hot Gas or Steam) to another fluid (Liquid) through a metal wall. Heat Interchangers: These devices are used for transferring heat from a One liquid to another liquid or one gas to another gas through a metal wall. HEAT EXCHANGERS; The equipment used for heat transferring are known as heat exchangers. Some of the processes that involves heat transfer in pharmaceutical industries are: Preparation of starch paste (in steam jacketed kettle). Crystallization. Evaporation. Distillation.  Classification of heat exchangers On the basis of transfer of heat, heat exchangers are classified as: Direct transfer type:  The hot and cold fluids are separated by a metal wall through which the heat is transferred from hot fluid to cold fluid. E.g. shell and tube heater, 
Read more

Flash Distillation.

  Principle: When a hot mixture is allowed to enter from a high-pressure zone into a low pressure zone, the entire liquid mixture is suddenly vaporized. This process is known as flash vaporization .  During this process, the chamber is cooled.  The less volatile fraction is condensed and the more volatile component remains in the vapor phase .  This process requires time, hence liquid and vapor are kept in intimate contact until equilibrium is achieved. Flash distillation is also called equilibrium distillation because separation of two liquids takes place when liquid and vapor phases are at equilibrium. Equipment used for Flash Distillation: Construction: It consists of a pump, which is connected to a feed reservoir.  Pumps help in pumping the feed into the heating chamber.  The heating chamber is heat supplied by steam.  The other end of the pipe is directly introduced into the vapor-liquid separator through a reducing valve.  The vapor outlet is provided at the top of the separato
Read more