Simple Pharmanotes

Pharmacopeial tests for Capsules . A) Content of Active Ingredient Weight of active ingredients in each capsule Subtract from the lower limit for samples of Add to the upper limit for samples of 15 10 5 15 10 5 0.12 g or less 0.2 0.7 1.5 0.3 0.8 1.8 More than 0.12g And less than 0.3g 0.2 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.6 1.5 0.3g or more 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.4 1.0 B) Disintegration Type of capsule Disintegration time Hard Capsules 30 minutes Enteric Capsules 0.1M hydrochloric acid Should not disintegrate in 2 hours mixed phosphate buffer pH 6.8 60 minutes Soft Capsules 0.1M hydrochloric acid 60 minutes C)Uniformity of Weight Average weight of capsule contain Percentage de

GPAT Test Series: Test No. 5 Instructions: No time limits. Enter your valid email ID. Enter your full name. Attempt the MCQs. Click "Submit" after completion. Click to view your marks. Those who want their answer sheet by mail plz message on our Facebook page or just comment below. Loading...

Important Drugs and their active Isomers. GPAT and other exams always ask at least one question regarding the subject stated above, this is an effort to bring important drugs together for easy study. Please comment below more drugs or message us on our facebook page so the list can grow. Always remember sharing is caring. Name of drug Stereospecific isomer Ethambutol                                                     Dextro isomer is 16 times more active than meso Cyclophosphamide                                               Levo form has twice activity than D form Chloprothixene Z isomer is more active Doxepin HCL Z isomer is more active Lysergic acid diethyl amide   Dextro is active Epinephrine   Levo form is active Pseudoephedrine (+) threo isomer Propranolol Only levo isomer is a potent beta antagonist Hyoscyamine Levo isomer

Drugs Acting on "Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)". The drugs which alter the functioning of  Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) comes under this category and are employed in the management of hypertension and various cardiovascular disorders. Classification:  A) Drugs inhibiting "Renin" release: Propranolol. Clonidine. Methyl DOPA. B) Drugs that blocks the actions of "Renin": Alaskirin. Remiskirin. C) Angiotensin Converting Enzyme  (ACE) Inhibitors : Captopril. Enalpril. Lisinopril. Ramipril. Quinapril. D) Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB): Losartan. Valsartan. Telmisartan. A) Drugs inhibiting "Renin" release: Renin is an enzyme secreted by " juxtaglomerular apparatus ." ( specialized structure formed by the distal convoluted tubule and the glomerular afferent arteriole.) Renin is responsible for conversion of inactive "Angiotensin

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone-System (RAAS). Renin is a proteolytic enzyme that is secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus (composed by renin-secreting cells) when certain physiological stimuli such as reduced renal perfusion pressure and reduced NA+ concentration in distal tubular fluid are present.  Renin will cut angiotensinogen (released into circulation by the liver) into a shorter peptide called angiotensin I.  Angiotensin-conversing enzyme (ACE) then remove 2 amino acids from angiotensin I to form an octapeptide called angiotensin II.  Amino peptidase A and N will remove amino acids from angiotensin II to angiotensin III and angiotensin IV respectively.  ACE is an enzyme normally found on the surface of endothelial cells and is abundant in the lungs. Angiotensin II is  a potent vasoconstrictor that causes arterioles to constrict resulting in increased arterial blood pressure, angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex.

Lecture note on "Glycosides". Glycosides are the compounds of plant and animal origin which on hydrolysis yields a sugar compound (glycone) and a nonsugar compound (aglycone), having marked physiological actions. Common sugars found in glycosides are glucose, mannose, rhamnose, & digitoxose. The common non- sugar part is alcohol/ phenol/ amine. The activity of glycoside is due to non-sugar part (aglycone). Glycone part plays role in pharmacokinetic properties of the glycoside like, absorption, metabolism, distribution and excretion. . ·          Physical Properties: Glycosides are crystalline colorless solids.   Non- reducing in nature and are generally laevorotatory.   They are soluble in alcohol & water.   Dilute acids and enzymes cause their hydrolysis. ·          Biological role: - They protect the plant from insects & animals.   They stimulate growth, re