Simple Pharmanotes

Obesity. The word obesity has become and epidemic today threatening the entire world especially developing countries. Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat has accumulated to the extent that it may have a negative effect on the health of an individual. Obesity is determined by checking the person's B ody M ass I ndex ( BMI ). BMI  a measurement obtained by dividing a person's weight by the square of the person's height. When BMI of an individual is over 30 kg/m 2 , with the range 25–30 kg/m 2 defined as overweight . CAUSES of OBESITY: Maintenance of a constant body weight requires a balance between energy intake and energy expenditure, and even a slight imbalance in this energy equilibrium can lead to significant changes in body weight over time and may eventually result in obesity. Obesity is most commonly caused by a combination of excessive food intake, lack of physical activity, and genetic susceptibility. Other facto...

GPAT Test Series: Test No. 4 Instructions: Please add your name and valid email id, both are compulsory. Try to attempt all questions. After completion don't forget to press "SUBMIT" button. Check your mailbox for your answer sheet. You can attempt the test minimum for 5 times.

Definition of Pharmacognosy: Pharmacognosy is the branch of pharmacy that deals with the study of crude drugs of natural origins. However, the study of pharmacognosy has a major focus on History, cultivation collection, standardization, preparation of market, uses of drug etc. Crude Drugs: The drugs of natural origin which have not undergone any pharmaceutical processes rather than drying are called as "Crude drugs". Sources of crude drugs: The crude drugs can be obtained from various sources like, Plant Source: e.g. Tulasi, Neem, Vasaka etc. Animal Source: e.g. Beeswax, Cod Liver Oil, Shark Liver Oil etc. Mineral Source: e.g. Liq. Paraffin, Bentonite, Kaoline etc. History Of Pharmacognosy: Ancient Era The origin of the use of natural substances as medicines is time immemorial. In all the records of ancient civilizations of the world, we can found records of natural substances used as drugs at that time also. The notable civilizat...

What is metabolism (Bio-transformation) of drugs? A Body has the tendency to break down and excrete any foreign particle entering into the body, like drugs even food too. The biochemical conversion of active drug into less active or inactive form which is easy for excretion through the body is called as metabolism or biotransformation.  As metabolism of drugs takes place in biological system it is also called as Bio-transformation Sites of Drug Metabolism: Many organs plays role in metabolism, some of important of them are as follows, Liver: A major site for drug metabolism, contains enzyme machinery for drug metabolism e.g. cytochrome P450. Intestinal mucosa. Kidneys. Lungs.' skin, etc. Types of Drug Metabolism: Drug metabolism in body follows either of following two pathways Phase-I Reactions ( Functionalization, Nonsynthetic reactions) Phase-II Reactions. ( synthetic reactions, conjugation) A) Phase-I Reactions: They are also called as Func...